Subsídios para conservação, recuperação e gestão da microbacia hidrográfica do rio parafuso, afluente do rio Ubá- Mojú-PA.

Abstract

This research aimed to analyze general, socio-economic, environmental and watershed of the River Screw tributary of Ubá, from the interdisciplinary approach and the perception of local residents, taking into account the environmental impacts, the use and quality of water, in order to generate support for the maintenance, restoration and participatory management of water resources in the study area. For obtaining primary data about the environmental profile and perception of the resident of watershed in study, environmental impact assessment and use of water from rivers by locals, Diagnostic tools were used (DRR), Rapid Rural to favor the triangulation and increase the security of the data collected, such as: structured interview with photographic record, direct observation, questionnaire with open and closed questions, applied on an individual basis to various social actors. The identification of the environmental impacts, characterization of springs and water quality assessment of watershed were carried out through the recognition and withdrawal in locus, with the aid of geoprocessing tools and use of interaction matrix or "array of Leopold". The springs were characterized as to their type of upwelling workflow persistence, and conservation status. The analysis of the quality of the water was held seasonally, from two samples during the period of drought and two in the rainy season, in collection points 19, established in the aforementioned River basin. The physical, chemical and microbiological parameters analyzed are: temperature, pH, turbidity, total iron, total solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical demand of oxygen, ammonia cal nitrogen, total coli forms and Escherichia coli. For the interpretation of the results of the analyses of such parameters, used as reference to CONAMA resolution 357/05. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and factor analysis. The obtained results allow to conclude that the environmental factor, consisting of nine highly related variables (residence time, perception about the degradation of watershed in its entirety, about the environmental problems in the watershed, environmental changes occurring in rivers, anthropogenic actions that cause the degradation of rivers, mitigating environmental measures to retrieve the current situation of rivers, degradation of freshwater springs, importance of riparian and importance of springs) is the most relevant to the understanding of the environmental problems in the watershed of the River Screw According to the perception of local resident. The sources identified were characterized as: diffuse, temporary and changed. The overuse of natural resources in the watershed of the River Screw resulted in intense environmental degradation, especially of riparian forest, rivers and springs, due to human actions in the physical environment, biotic and human. Economic activities (agriculture, logging, ranching, charcoal making and construction of dams for fish farming and cattle), allied to the current model of disordered occupation, are the main responsible for water pollution, deforestation, siltation and solid and liquid residues, that compromise the environmental balance and the sustainable use of natural resources in this watershed. The removal of riparian vegetation, erosion, silting process and the lack of basic sanitation led, over the years, contamination and change in surface water quality of the River screw. The occurrence of Escherichia coli and the iron element represents one of the main problems of contamination of aquatic environment, compromising the quality and use of water and, consequently, the quality of life of the local population in the watershed.