Caracterização e divergência genética em germoplasma de açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) do nordeste paraense.

Abstract

The consume of assai on the Brazil, mainly on the Pará State is enough elevated, being the most of the production is coming of assai palm natural populations located in floodplains, notably in the Amazon Estuary, considered a genetic diversity center of the specie. The diffusion of the nutritional benefits and the obtaining of anthocyanins toward use on the pharmaceutic and food industry induced the expansion of the fruit and pulp market. According to of the rapid increment of the demand this product, there is necessity of the establishment of genetic improvement programs for to select adapted plants for the mainland and floodplains conditions. Yet is a specie a few studied and no easy control, mainly as its genetic diversity and, just one cultivar, BRS Pará, it was released on the market by “Embrapa Amazônia Oriental”, in 2004, obtained by means of phenotypic selection for cropping on mainland, presenting someone desired agronomic characteristics. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the plant mothers as to phenotypical variability and divergence genetic. Twenty and two characters of 129 plant mothers precedents “Belém, Capitão Poço, Ourém, Santarém Novo, São João de Pirabas e Salinópolis”, municipalities of the Northeast of the Pará State, Brazil, were studied. On the quantification of dates each one of the characters, it was utilized the frequency distribution and statistcs measured. The number the unique and interrelated characters was synthesized by means of principal components and the selection of the characters with elimination of the redundant ones carried out by the criterions of direct selection and selection by the reanalysis. The average euclidian distance was employed for assesses the similarity and dissimilarity of the plant mothers. The Tocher and UPGMA clustering methods were used for to cluster the 129 plant mothers. The outputs evidenced that there was genetic variability among the 129 assai palm’s plant mothers with large variation for most the evaluated characters. The variance concentrated on the 22 characters was distributed on eight components, wich accumulated 82.47 % on the total variation. The selected characteristic that more contributed for the genetic diversity were the fruit weight, fruit yield per raceme, rachilla number per raceme, fruit longitudinal diameter, leaves number, raceme number per plant, stipe high, circumference of stipe in the heart height, raceme circumference, raceme length, internode length, stipe number per plant, seed weight and pulp weight. The assessment of similarity and dissimilarity ranged the 0.466 at 3.149. The plant mothers more similars were EO-070 e EO-072 both of the “Ilha do Combu” and the more divergent were EO-010 (“Belém”) e EO-018 (Salinópolis). The evaluation of the genetic divergence among the 129 plant mothers based on 14 selected morphoagronomic characters allowed verifying large genetic variability. The Tocher’s method clustered the 129 plant mothers in ten clusters, being that the first classified 82.9 % on the plant mothers. In this method, the plant mothers EO-010 (“Belém”), EO-011 (“São João de Pirabas”), EO-019 (“Salinópolis”), EO-035 (“Capitão Poço”) e EO-109 (“Ilha do Combu”) presented large genetic divergence. The UPGMA method segmented the plant mothers in nine clusters, being that the first conglomerate 81 % on the plant mothers. In this one, the plant mothers more divergents were EO-010 (“Belém”), EO-011 (“São João de Pirabas”), EO-017, EO-018 e EO-019 (“Salinópolis”), EO-056, EO-062 e EO-109 (“Ilha do Combu”). One ascertained genetic variability large in the morphoagronomic characters as for univariate analysis well for multivariate analysis and both detected divergent genotypes, with viability for to be utilized as potential divergent genitors in improvement programs for assai palm.