Análise de indicadores de sustentabilidade socioambiental em diferentes sistemas produtivos com palma de óleo no Estado do Pará.

Abstract

Considered one of oleaginous crops of larger expression at the present time for biodiesel production, the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) has been attracting countless investors for the Amazonian area in search of new production areas. The region possesses the largest area with agricultural suitability for the cultivation of this crop, making this part of the country sought out by the international market of vegetable oils. Presently the palm oil is the most marketed and consumed in the world, due to its high application versatility, with uses from the chemical industry, cosmetics, foods, to biofuel. Besides the comparative advantages of the production of palm oil in the northern area of the country, mentioned previously, this culture possesses potential as a carbon sink, as well as to generate income in rural Amazon , to of the reclamation of altered habitas, etc. However, this activity must happen in a sustainable way, obeying the socio-environmental logic of the different places and local productive systems. Pursuing these premises, the present study proposed and evaluated a set of socio-environmental indicators that may interfere in the sustainability of different production systems, namely the 'integrated family productive system' (SPFI), 'independent productive system' (SPI) and 'Agro-industry productive system' (SPAGRO) with oil palm in the state of Pará. Also, the study checked the level of adherence of the indicators contained in the 'Protocol for the Sustainable Production of Oil Palm in the State of Pará' and the main indicators that influence the national and international market of oil palm seeds. A set of 53 establishements with oil palm plantings were appraised , among 'family and settled farmers' of the land reform program, both small and properties, and agribusinesses of palm oil with more than 50.000 ha. With the evaluation of 24 socioenvironmental indicators present in the assessment tool 'Ambitec-module of the Protocol for sustainable Production of Oil Palm in the state of Pará', it was possible to determine the main positive and negative impacts in the studied productive systems. The results demonstrated that the indicators related to the environmental dimension, such as use of agricultural inputs, use of energy and environmental restoration were those most implicated in negative impacts in SPI and SPFI with oil palm. On the other hand, the indicators of income generation, property value, income sources diversification, and training were those presenting the best results for all the establishments of these productive systems. Different results were observed for SPAGRO with oil palm, with the best indicators observed for the environmental dimension (environmental restoration), management and administration, income generation , property value, and training, while the indicators of negative impacts for these productive systems were related to the use of agricultural inputs and use of energy. It was still verified in the study that the market of seeds of oil palm is unbalanced between the offer and the demand at the world level. In Latin America, as well as in Brazil, the main agribusinesses of palm oil import different varieties of the species Elaeis guineensis, Jacq. as form of diversification of the genetic material and for the search of larger productivity and resistance to diseases.