Diversidade, filogenia e caracterização química de espécies de agaricomycetes em plantações de cacau nativo de ilhas de várzea em Mocajuba, Pará

Abstract

The Amazon has a wide diversity of macroscopic fungi of the class Agaricomycetes. In addition to playing a key role in the cycle of nutrients in nature, species also show important economic potential in the nutritional, pharmacological and medicinal sectors. Among the ecosystems of the Amazon biome, the periodically flooding areas of the valley directly affect the communities residing there. Despite their relevance, there is a shortage of studies with fungi in these areas. In order to circumvent this gap, the aim of this study was to establish the diversity and richness of species of Agaricomycetes in várzea islands of the municipality of Mocajuba-Pará, as well as to infer the phylogenetic relations of the lentinoid genus and determine the chemical and biochemical composition of these species. Three excursions were made to the islands of Santaninha, Tauaré and Costa Santana in the months of June 2022/2023 and November 2022. The species were identified by morphological descriptions and molecular taxonomy from the internally transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA. The contents of macro and micronutrients were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A total of 173 specimens were identified and systematized in 81 species in 14 families. All species were new registrations for the site, including six new registers for the State of Pará. The most prevalent family was Polyporaceae (36 species), followed by Meripilaceae (11) and Hymenochaetaceae. (8). The island of Costa Santana exhibited the highest indices of diversity and species wealth. As for the group of lentinoid fungi, 20 specimens have been identified, representing the genus Lentinus, Lentinula and Panus. According to phylogenetic inferences, the individuals identified as Lentinus formed five main clades. Panus species have been structured into a single group with 100% bootstrap, allowing the correspondence between the morphological and molecular data of P. lecomtei and P. strigellus. In turn, the cladogram referring to the genus Lentinula, showed the species L. raphanica identified in this study closely related to sequences of the same species taken from the database. With regard to the chemical composition of the lentinoid macro-fungus, analyses have demonstrated the high content mainly of macronutrients (K, Mg, Ca e Na). This study is a pioneer in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest areas, contributing to the expansion of ecological, evolutionary and nutritional knowledge about this group of fungi.