Metodologia para replicabilidade de sistemas agroflorestais com base na homologia de zonas bioclimáticas

Abstract

The agroforestry systems - AFS are presented as altemative that must be analyzed and be incorporated, with príoríty, in terms of integration of the forest activity in the country property. Besides coming to the meeting of the ambient conservation, these systems are particularly well adapted to the small properties. It was objectified to develop a methodological instrument for replicability of AFS, from the establishment of the bioclimatic homology between its zones of insertion and zones of destination, the cities of Irituia, São Domingos do Capim, Mãe do Rio and Concórdia do Pará, ali of them of the Northeast Paraense. The methodological sequential that was adopted: identification and characterization of the profile of practiced agroforestry systems in diverse cities of the Region; identification, between its components, of the species forests more used by this modality of use of the land; identification, in the cities of destination, of the characteristics of climate and vegetation, to make possible the identification of the apt AFS in bioclimatic terms for this area; developing relative considerations to the chances and limitations for use of AFS in the partner-economic scene. As main results, a series of situations was evidenced as the necessity of more basic information about these systems, ffom 250 searched works, only 108 had supplied information enough the research. It was detected that the states of Pará, Amazonas and Rondônia, had led the works with AFS in the Region. The number of cities for states with works of AFS is relatively small. The more used type of AFS is the silvicultural and the less is used the agrosilvipastoral. In the climatic study of the areas of installation of the 108 studied AFS, was located 25 pluvial-climatological stations that had allowed to identify the climatic subtypes where the systems are inserted. From digital map of vegetation, it was possible to recognize the type of natural vegetation where the systems were located. The crossing of the climate with the vegetation through analysis statistics, it supplied 22 different bioclimatic zones, with detachment to the zone formed for Am3 sub-climate with secondary vegetation that withheld 34% ofthe total ofthe studied systems, and the zones that contained this type of vegetation had accumulated 50% of these systems. With the establishment of the bioclimatic homology between the zones of insertion of the AFS and the destination areas, through the establishment of a correspondence matrix, it was observed that amongst 108 systems, 47 had adjusted to the four above-mentioned cities and, of these, 78% had been compatible with zones seated on secondary vegetation, predominant in these cities. In terms of used forest species used in the 108 SAF, had been identified 21 that integrate the 47 systems selected for the four cities, that can be able to be presented for discussion with local producers and other actors connected to the productive agrarian systems, for ends of action of agroforestry development. With a study more deepened about these forest species with bioclimatic potential for the four cities, was detected that, the ones with more ífequency were the more known and/or studied as pupunha, castanha-do-Brasil, açaí, mogno, gliricídia and paricá.

The literature has demonstrated the progress ofthe scientific effort directing to a study of agroforestry systems last years. However, for being in it great part of restricted reaching, they come up with limited possibility of its extrapolation for great areas. This shows up the necessity ofthe studies in a large geographic scale, with sights to facilitate the transfer ofthis technology ofthe use ofthe land, for places of similar ecological conditions. Considering this necessity, in this work was realized the identification and characterization of the types of agroforestry systems in the Amazon, objectifying to know its profüe, bioclimatic conditions that they are included and which institutions have been developing studies in this area. The methodological procedure consisted of a survey for the types of developed agroforestry systems in the Region, from information available in literature. These information had been registered in proper form and systemize in computational program, allowing the knowledge of the profile for these systems, specially referring its geographic location structure (components), functionality, and the institutions that have been developing research with this modality of the use of the land. The results had showed up a panorama in which great part of the practiced agroforestry systems in the Region are in the neighborhoods of the great urban centers and in a reduced numbers of cities. The silvicultural modality was the one that more detached in an amount, and great part ofthe works with these systems just exists in the scope of the research installed in experimental stations and under responsibility of public institutions.

Agroforestry systems consists in a technology of multiple use of the land, that integraie forest components, agricultural and/or animal, in a combination that comes to the meeting of the necessities of the producer, the society and the conservation of the natural resources, Searching to know systems successful to apply them in other places, in this work was identified and characterized its bioclimatic zones of insertion to contribute for the development of a methodology for the transference of agroforestry systems in the Amazon. It was considered as starting point, the works of Golfari, Caser and Moura (1978); and Unruh and Lefebvre (1995). It was carried out the Identification and characterization of the bioclimatic conditions of the places where the searched systems were inserted and, for this, was used data of pluvial-climatological seasons, from digital collection of the Agency of Development of the Amazon — ADA, and of the National Water Agency - ANA, and georeferenced images and systems of geographic Information of SIPAM. The results had demonstrated that with the adopted methodological procedure, it is possible to make, with efficiency, the Identification and characterization of biocümatic zones in the Region for implantation development of agroforestry systems, as well as, to contribute with a techmcal instrument to subsidize the ordinance of the territory in this type of use of the land, to guide the actions of the public power, of producers, associations of agriculturists, agencies of promotion, among others.

Lately, the attentions ofthe research have came back toward the search of sustainable altematives for the region, One ofthese altematives, that have been studied in its more varied i aspects, is the agroforestry systems that, besides answering to some of essential concerns with the ambient conservation, are adjusted well to the small properties and have potential to improve the standard of living of the agricultura] inhabitants. Considering this potential, in this work, an instrument is drawn to contribute for the replicability of this technology of use ofthe land in the context ofthe Amazon. It consists in an identification ofsystems that can be reproduced to other localities, form the establishment ofthe bioclimatic homology between its places of origin and destination. The origins considered here are the several geographical points of the Region and the destinations, the cities ofIrituia, São Domingos do Capim, Mãe do Rio and Concórdia do Pará, ali ofthem inserted in the northeast sub-region Paraense. This work searched to contribute for the ordinance ofthe territory, in what concerns agroforestry systems, to guide action of the public power, of producers, associations agriculturists, promotions agencies, among others. The results had allowed to identrfy in the cities two predominant subtypes of climates (A£Z and Am3), and three of vegetation (secondary T vegetation - sv, alluvial ombrofila primary forest with uniform canopy - Dau and dense ombrofila primary forest with low emergent canopy - Dbe). Six bioclimatic zones with homologous had been defined in other points of the Region. In the total of 108 searched i É systems, 47 had been identified as apt to be replicated for the four cities, for being inserted in bioclimatic zones that have homologous correspondents in these cities. Conceming to the forest essences ofthese systems, had been identified 21 potential species.

In Amazon, there are many interests that have led to the exploration of its natural resources. The commercial value of many forest species, for example, has stipulated its intensive exploration, what it has taken diverse species to the extinguishing risk. One of the forms that have been developed to contribute for safeguards ofthis patrimony is the using of agroforestry systems that present innumerable ecological, economic and social advantages. However, it is necessary to invest in more studies regarding forest species that compose or can come compose this type of system, to give ample fan of options for the most diverse compositions of these systems. In this work, it was objectified to identify, form the survey of available information in literature, the forest species more used in agroforestry systems in the Region, submitted to different bioclimatic conditions. For this, it was made an identification of forest species, ffom a bibliographical survey about agroforestry systems, practiced in the Amazon Region. The purpose was to recognize what species are being used in this modality of use of the land. Species had been detected in systems distributed in several coordinates of the Region and submitted to the different bioclimatic zones and for that same reason, they show the ample capacity of adaptation in different environments, facilitating its adoption. In this context, the purpose is to contribute for the diffusion of these species in the Amazon. The results gotten with the adopted methodological procedure, showed that the number ofspecies currently used in this modality of use of the land is relativity small, evidencing unfamiliarity or disinteresting in reference to the fan of option that the forest species offer and that is, still, necessary a greater investment in works of research, awareness and together spreading with the producers, in the direction of the adoption of these and new species in agroforestry systems.