Desempenho fisiológico e perfil químico do óleo essencial e perfil químico do óleo essencial de Eryngium foetidum L. cultivada com adubação diferenciada.

Abstract

Chicory of Para (Erygium foetidum L.) is a native Amazonian specie, herbaceous, flavoring, aromatic and medicinal, widely used in food, as well as in the preparation of typical dishes of the northern region of Brazil and despite the great importance of this specie, there are few studies related to the improvement of its management. In the search to provide information for better cultural treatments and better commercial use of this specie, this study aimed to evaluate gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence, besides the yield and chemical profile of the essential oil of E. foetidum cultivated with different sources of fertilization. For this, the specie was cultivated with fertilization (T1: Organic, T2: Mineral, T3: Control) in suspended beds with an area of 12 m2, using a completely randomized experimental design. In chapter 01, it was evaluated the responses of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence of E. foetidum using a portable infrared gas analyzer. The physiological parameters analyzed were: net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E) and water use efficiency (A/E). To the knowledge of photosystem PSII behavior adopted the following parameters: electric transport rate (ETR), Quantum yield of PSII (φPSII), initial fluorescence (F0), maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (qN). Statistical analyzes were performed using the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test, P ≤ 0.05. With a design with four repetitions and three treatments, the different fertilization sources showed unpublished and relevant data to the knowledge of the physiological behavior of the species. The internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and the stomatal conductance (gs) showed differences between the treatments, being (Ci) higher in T3 and (gs) lower in T1. The other parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence do not show differences between treatments, where the data prove that the PSII photosystem was not affected by the different fertilization sources. In chapter 02, it was verified the influence of different sources of fertilization (Org., Min. and Cont.) on the yield and chemical profile of the essential oil obtained from leaves and roots of E. foetidum. The samples were dried in drying oven (34 ºC) and hydrodistilled in modified Clevenger type glass systems for 3 hours. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the Shimadzu QP-2010 system. The chemical constituents (≥1%) of E. foetidum essential oil were subjected to multivariate analysis of HCA and PCA. The highest yields of essential oil were obtained from the leaves (0.18-Min. and 0.22-Cont.) and roots (0.22-Min.). 71 volatile constituents were identified in E. foetidum oils, aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes were the main constituents, with predominance of 2,3,4-trimethylbenzaldehyde, from 56.81 to 63.49% in the roots and 19.5 to 24.6% in the leaves, followed by (2E)-2-Dodecenal with 21.76 at 30.4% in the leaves and 3.75 to 6.24% in the roots, trans-2-Tetradecenal with 8.61 to 13.33% in the leaves and 2.46 to 3.75% in the roots. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the formation of two groups, confirmed by the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), which shows the dendrogram resulting group represented by roots (OrgR, MinR and ConR), characterized by 2,3,4-trimethylbenzaldehyde, Muurola-4,10 (14) -dien-1β-ol, Isoshyobunone, sesq. oxig. (222), para-Menta-1,5-dien-8-ol, 6-Canphenone, (Z) and (E)-γ-Atlantone, (E)-β-Farnesene. The group II comprises the leaves (OrgF, MinF, ConF), characterized by (2E)-2-Dodecenal, trans-2-Tetradecenal, 1-Dodecanal, 1-Decanal, Tetradecanal, γ-Terpinene, Mesitylene, ρ-Cymene, α-Pinene, 1-Undecanal, Carotol, Tetradec-1-ene. The results obtained allow a better physiological knowledge of E. foetidum, as well as support for future studies related to the management of this specie, besides providing chemical profiles of the essential oil in the leaves and roots.