Dimensões de uso e cobertura da terra: uma análise voltada a classificar municípios do estado do Pará e promover serviços ecossistêmicos no município de Moju-PA.

Abstract

Abstract 1: The land use by human activities in the world stands out as the main factor of impact on vegetation cover and the reduction and elimination of the existing biodiversity. In this logic, this thesis has as its objective to analyze the main dimensions of use and land cover in the state of Pará, to understand the effects of the dimensions on the local dynamics in the municipality of Moju-PA and to outline a proposal for the valuation of the forest arcas remaining in the region's properties. The data collection of usage and coverage was obtained by the PRODES INPE-system and the socioeconomic Information of the families was obtained from a sample of 191 families in rural arcas of Moju-PA based on semi-structured questionnaires. Factor analysis was applied to identify the dimensions of land use and land cover. The Contingent Valuation Method was used to value the owner's willingness to receive for the preservation of the remaining forest arcas of the properties. The results suggest that São Félix do Xingu and Altamira are in intermediate positions with respct to the use and land cover, justified by positive values of factors related to livestock, forest arcas and hidrography. Santarém presented a moderate indicator explained by the existence of forests, hidrography, agriculture and population concentration. The dynamics and connection with the land use, in Moju-PA region, is subject to changes in socio-economic and production promoted by the expansion of oil palm in the region. The owners monthly willingness to receive is around R$ 149.61, and the annual of R$ 1,795.26, with total economic cost estimated for the execution of R $ 342,895.23 /year, resulting in a potential for incentives directed for forest preservation from PSE in the region. It is concluded that the hidrography dimension presentes greater capacity to suffer negative changes resulting from the use and land cover in the region, driven by the potential of agriculture and animal husbandry factors and by the expansion of the agricultural frontier. The oil palm in Moju-PA region emerges as a new promise of economic cycle focused on the development, however it presents contradictions related to rural exodus, deforestation, contamination of water resources and loss of identity and autonomy of the traditional productive population. Finally, the willingness to receive is influenced by economic, environmental and social factors, which reflect the owners behavior, given policies in this regard are carried out, considering the potential for compensation for direct environmental benefits generated in the municipality farms.

Abstract 2: In the Brazilian Amazon the dynamics of land use by human activities has been induced by policies for occupation and economic exploitation of the region. The lack of planning and policy management, led the region to a continuous process of ecosystems fragmentation. Understanding the dynamics of land use and land cover supports the discussions on sustainable development in the face of environmental, social and economic issues. This study aims to identify the main dimensions of use and land cover in the micro-regions of the state of Para, proposing a land cover use index (IUCT) to classify municipalities. The results suggest that the municipalities of São Félix do Xingu (IUCT = 0.528) and Altamira (IUCT = 0.367) are in intermediate positions on the use and land cover, justified by the fact that these regions have shown positive values in the use of factors land related to livestock, forest arcas and watersheds. Santarém, despite having (IUCT = 0.351) moderate indicator of this micro-region, is explained by the existence of forests, watersheds, agriculture and population concentration. The classification of micro-regions is directly correlated to the agriculture and hydroforestry dimensions, pointing that the municipalities with moderate use and land cover are those with greater ability to allocate these dimensions. Hydro-forestry dimension is more capable of experiencing negative changes arising from land use and land cover in the region, motivated by the potential of agriculture and animal husbandry factors, whose dynamics is driven by the expansion of the agricultural frontier into new territories to spread of monocultures.

Abstract 3: The use of land in the Para state has historically been favored by large agricultural projects, which have guided migration, pressures on ecosystems, pressure on traditional agriculture, and transformed the region into a mosaic of landscapes. The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics of the progress of the oil palm monoculture in the Mojú-PA municipality, using the factorial dimensions of adjustment in order to understand their effect on local development and its contradictions regarding the economic and environmental issues. Data collection took place by interviewing 191 families through semi-structured socioeconomic questionnaires. The dimensions were obtained firom the Multivariate Analysis. The results show that the dynamics of use and link to the land, is subject to changes in socio-economic and production conditions promoted by the expansion of oil palm in the region. The income generation, improved living conditions and family farming in the region, are dependent on agricultural loans, tax incentives, machinery and equipment, technical assistance and investment in social technologies, since these factors are the major limitations to the development of properties. Finally, the palm in the region emerges as a new promise of na economic cycle focused on the development, however, presents contradictions related to rural exodus, deforestation, contamination of water resources and loss of identity and autonomy of the traditional productive population.

Abstract 4: Economic activities related to forestry, livestock and agriculture, historically, has led the region of Moju-PA to a dynamic process of environmental degradation. Policies for payments for environmental services - PES, as preservation strategy of forests stand out as the most cost effective form of monetary incentive able to induce biodiversity conservation practices and providing ecosystem services, making it essential to maintain the quantity and quality of forests, of water resources and soil, to ensure the welfare of people, socio-economic advancement of local communities and maintenance of agricultural practices and biodiversity. The objective of the study is to define a proposal for a PES to the owners of the county of Moju, giving the preservation of existing forests in the properties. From a sample of 191 properties with 95% reliability and error of 4%, it is proposed a (PES) through the use of contingent valuation method (CVM), and the willingness to receive (WTR) as financial vector for possible forest preservation, as a strategy of conservation and preservation of green areas remaining in the properties. The results indicate a owners' monthly willingness to receive of R$149.61, and annual of R$1,795.26 adding to the total economic cost for implementation of R$342,895.23/year. The results also show potential incentives for forest conservation using the PES in the region. The willingness to receive is influenced by economic, environmental and social factors, reflecting the owners' behavior if policies in this direction are carried out as a strategic proposal applied to potential compensation for direct environmental benefits generated in rural farms.