Estudo geoestatístico e altimétrico do amarelecimento fatal em plantio orgânico de palma de óleo na Amazônia Oriental.

Abstract

Abstract 1: The oil palm is an important source ofvegetable oil for the world industry being the most produced currently worldwide. Oil palm plantations in Brazil, mainly the largest plantations located in the state ofPará, suffer ífom the incidence offatal yellowing (FA). The objective of this work is to determine the incidence and spread of FA, and the influence of altimetiy, precipitation and relative humidity in the AF on organic palm oil planting in the Bastem Amazon. The experimental area is located in the municipality of Acará (PA), in oil palm plantation belonging to the AGROPALMA S.A Group company. For the study, 15 oil palm plots were selected. Plant samples were taken by company employees, each plant in the study area was visited every month at least once in the period from 2001 to 2014. Each of these plants was considered a sampling point, in which the value of the binary variable, 1 (one) for plant with FA symptoms with Fatal Yellowing and 0 (zero) for absence of this disease. Through the georeferencing (latitude and longitude) ofthe plants were generated the regionalized variables used in the geostatistics and using high precision geodesic gps to collect the altitude values within the experimental area, from these data was generated a planialtimetric map to relate the altitude and incidence ofAF over time. The spatial variability was analyzed by means of geostatistical modeling techniques constructed from experimental semivariograms, tested using mathematical, spherical, Gaussian, exponential, linear and random models (pure nugget effect). The results indicate that plants with FA symptoms are likely to influence low altitude areas. By means of semivariograms it was observed that the models that best fít the spatial distribution ofthe FA were: pure, gaussian, spherical and exponential pepita effect. With range values for the experimental area varying from 200 to 570 meters. with formation o "areas of aggregation for plants with symptoms ofFA. Geostatistics showed promise to evaluate the dispersion of the Fatal Yellowing incidence in areas of palm plantations. The results of reaching the incidence and monitoring of altimetry indicate that, from areas of focus of incidence of the disease, there may be an increase in cases of incidence in plants and / or nearby stands ofoil palm, especially in areas of lower altitude.

Abstract 2: Oil paim plautations in Brazil, mainly the largest plantations located in the state of Pará sufer ifom the incidence o Fatal Yellowing (FY). The present work bas the objectivc of determming the incidence and spread of FA in organic palm oil planting in the Eastem Amazon. lhe experimental area is located m the municipality of Acara (PA), in oil palm plantation belonging to the company of the AGROPALMA S.A. Group. For the study 15 oil palm plots with an average size of 30 ha each were selected. Samplings of the plants were performed by company officials, who each plant in the study area was visited on a monthly basis at least once. Each of these plants was considered a sampling point, in which the value of the binary variable was obtained, 1 (one) for plant affected with FY and 0 (zero) for absence of this Through the georeferencing (latitude and longitude) of the plants, the regionalized variables used in the geostatistics were generated. Thus, spatial variabihty was analyzed using geostatistical modeling techniques constructed from experimental semivariograms, tested using mathematical, spherical, Gaussian, exponential, linear and random models (pure nugget effect). By means of semivariograms it was observed that the models that best fit the spatial distribution of the FA were: pure, gaussian, spherical and exponential pepita effect. With range values for the experimental area varying from 200 to 570 meters, with formation of reefs for the disease. Geostatistics showed promise to evaluate the dispersion of the FY incidence in areas of palm plantations. The results of the incidence range indicate that from areas of focus of plants with AF symptom can increase the incidence of the same to other plants and / or palm oil fields.

Abstract 3: The objective of the present work is to monitor the incidence of Fatal Yellowing (FY) related to the factors of altimety, relative humidity and rainfall in organic palm oil in the municipality of Acará. The experimental area is located in the municipality o Acará (PA), in oil nalm plantation belonging to the company of the AGROPALMA SA Group. For the study, 15 plots of oil palm were selected and each of these plots was obtained information for plant affected with FY and plants with absence of this disease and through the georeferencing (latitude and longitude) of the plants were generated the database for GIS. Through the time series graphs it is possible to observe that FY disease appeated in the jear 2001 with few cases, however from the year 2009 to the year 2014 there was a significant change in the appearance of plants affected with this disease period that there was also a gradual increase of relative humidity (%) and rainfall, indicating that these factors have a negative influence on the emergence of plants with FY. From the visualization of the incidence maps of the diseaase it can be observed that tne disease presenied areas in some plots of higher incidence, indicating the disease that there are areas that present greater risks for FY, with the visualization of the altitudes in each plot can be observed that these areas present a lower level of altitude and these are in periods of high precipitation, present a risk of accumulation of water and this may be a probable factor that influences the appearance of more cases of diseased plants.