Efeito de resíduos da atividade de carvoaria na composição química da água de chuva e na biomassa microbiana de um latossolo amarelo sob diferentes coberturas vegetais em Paragominas/PA.

Abstract

Abstract 1: Considered the most productive sector in the Amazon region, the iron companies based in the States of Pará and Maranhão consumes more than 700.000 tons of vegetal charcoal annually. The highly disseminated technology of the hot oven, a 100% pollutant, has become an important environmental issue because of the massive release of gases and vapors to the atmosphere in the process of transformation of lumber in vegetable charcoal. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate the effects of residues generated by lumber burning in the composition of rain water, microbial mass as well as the degree of correlation between the rain water and the biological parameters of the soil in a yellow Latossoil, under different pattems of vegetal covering at the Rio Capim Farm, a property of Cikel Brasil Verde Inc., in the city of Paragominas, State of Pará. Soil samples were collected in different months (March, May and June) firom arcas with grass and forest essences covering, with or without the influence of the residues from lumber burning, at the depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm. The variations in the biological properties of the soil (CBM - microbial biomass carbon, CO2 and metabolic quotient-qCOi) were evaluated by measuring the effects of 24 treatments distributed in an entirely random arrangement, in a factorial 3x2x2x2 scheme with 4 repetitions. Water samples were collected (in the months of March and May) in the same arcas described above. The following properties of the rain water were used to evaluate the experiments: CT; NO3"; SO42" and pH. The resulting data were submitted to ANOVA and Turkey's test with the software SAEG 8.1. Taken together, the lumber burning residues in the period of more rain episodes, produced reductions in the CBM and soil basal respiration -CO2 without influencing the qCCh. The vegetal covering influenced significantly both CO2 and qCCh, the highest values being observed in the condition of grass covering. We observed a reduction in CBM, CO2 and qCCh in the soil samples collected from arcas with grass covering and in the month with more rain episodes. In months with less rain, CBM values increased and CO2 values decreased with the increase in the depth of the samples. In the arca without the influence of lumber burning, the values for CBM, CO2 and qCCh were higher when the vegetal covering was comprised of forest essences. Considering different depths of the soil samples, the highest CBM values were obtained at the 5-10 cm depths, and at the depths of 0- 5 cm for CO2 and qCCh. Production of vegetable charcoal disturbs the chemical composition of the rain water, with increases in the concentration of the ions CT, NO3" and H+ (pH). Considering the arca under the influence of lumber burning, Cl- values were reduced when the soil was covered with forest essences. The residues from lumber burning associated with the chloride from the rain water resulted in reduction in both CBM and CO2. The sulphate ion caused an increase in CBM.

Abstract 2: Considered the most productive sectors in the Amazon region, the iron companies based in the States of Pará and Maranhão consumes more than 700.000 tons of vegetal charcoal annually. The highly disseminated technology of the hot oven, a 100% pollutant, has become an important environmental issue because of the massive release of gases and vapors released to the atmosphere in the process of transformation of lumber in vegetable charcoal. Theoretically, during the period of January to May, when there is the greatest rain incidence, also increase the drag of vapors generated by the carbonization of the lumber, what could provoke an effect on the microbiology of the soil. In that context, the objective of this study was of evaluating the effect of the residues firom the charcoal production in the microbial biomass of a Yellow Latossoil, in arcas under different types of vegetable covering that surrounds the Rio Capim farm, belonging to Cikel Brasil Verde S.A., in Paragominas/PA. In March, May and June of 2005 samples of the soil were collected, both under vegetable covering of grass and forest essences, in arcas with and without influence of the residues produced by the charcoal production activity, in the depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, in a total of 32 samples for collection. The variations in the biological properties of the soil (carbon of the microbial biomass, basal respiration of the microbial biomass and metabolic quotient) were assessed based on the effect of 24 treatments with an entirely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement 3x2x2x2 with 4 repetitions. The ANOVA and the comparison of averages were made using the test of Tukey at 5% of probability, with the software SAEG 8.1. Taken together, the lumber burning residues in the period of more rain episodes, produced reductions in the CBM and soil basal respiration -CO2 without influencing the qCOi. The vegetal covering influenced significantly both CO2 and qCCh, the highest values being observed in the condition of grass covering. We observed a reduction in CBM, CO2 and qCCh in the soil samples collected from arcas with grass covering and in the month with more rain episodes. In months with less rain, CBM values increased and CO2 values decreased with the increase in the depth of the samples. In the arca without the influence of lumber burning, the values for CBM, CO2 and qCCh were higher when the vegetal covering was comprised of forest essences. Considering different depths of the soil samples, the highest CBM values were obtained at the 5-10 cm depths, and at the depths of 0-5 cm for CO2 and qCCh.

Abstract 3: Considered the most productive sectors in the Amazon region, the iron companies based in the States of Pará and Maranhão consumes more than 700.000 tons of vegetal charcoal annually. The highly disseminated technology of the hot oven, a 100% pollutant, has become an important environmental issue because of the massive release of gases and vapors released to the atmosphere in the process of transformation of lumber in vegetable charcoal. Both the composition and decomposition of solute in the rain water in Amazon represent great interest due to the fact that the atmospheric deposition to be claimed as the main natural source of replacement of nutrients, showing the inclusion of the vegetation as an important factor in the hydrologic modeling for gathering of Information about rain water, so much in terms of amount of water, as in relation to the chemical characteristics of it. Theoretically, from January to May, when there is the greatest rain incidence, also increase the drag of vapors generated by the carbonization of the lumber, what could provoke an effect on the microbiology of the soil and chemical composition of the rain water. In that context, the objective of this study was of evaluating the effect of the residues from the charcoal production in the chemical composition of the rain water and the relationship degree between the rain water and the biological parameters of the soil, in arcas under different types of vegetable covering that surrounds the Rio Capim farm, belonging to Cikel Brasil Verde S.A., in Paragominas/PA. The samples of water were collected in March and May of 2005 in four arcas: two arcas that suffered influence of the residues produced by the charcoal production activity, and other two arcas that did not suffer influence of the charcoal production activity, in grass vegetation and forest essences covering, respectively, in the studied arcas. The experiment was evaluated based on the chemical properties of the rain water: ion chloride (CT ); ion nitrate (NO3"); ion sulphate (SO42") and concentration of hydrogen (pH), in an entirely randomized design, in factorial arrangement 2x2x2, with 4 repetitions. The data were submitted to the variance analysis for each one of the variables, using the statistical program SAEG 8.1. When significant, the averages were compared by the test of Tukey at 0,05 of probability. To evaluate the effect of the production of coal in the biological properties of the soil, were studied the relationships among the chemical properties of the rain water and the properties of the soil related to the microbial population (CBM, CO2, qCOi). Production of vegetable charcoal disturbs the chemical composition of the rain water, with increases in the concentration of the ions Cl", NO3" and H+ (pH). Considering the arca under the influence of lumber burning, Cl- values were reduced when the soil was covered with forest essences. The residues from lumber burning associated with the chloride from the rain water resulted in reduction in both CBM and CO2. The sulphate ion caused an increase in CBM.